To quickly detect the effectiveness of the compaction pile method for loess foundation treatment, this article selects a compaction pile method foundation treatment area on the Chengwei Expressway as the experimental area, and uses the multi-channel transient Rayleigh wave method for rapid detection. In order to distinguish the treatment effects of soil between piles and compacted piles, two types of point distribution methods were used for on-site experimental research in the test area. The detection data was processed in different regions using formulas to obtain the average wave velocity in each region. By analyzing the contour map, it can be concluded that the wave velocity at the compacted pile is larger, while the wave velocity at the centroid of the equilateral triangle pile is smallest. This is consistent with the actual situation, and the quality of the pile can be well tested. The results of wave velocity measurement were fitted and compared with in-situ test data. When the wave velocity reached 195 m/s or above, the results indicated that the foundation treatment effect was qualified. At the same time, it was found that there was a good correlation between wave velocity, bearing capacity, collapsibility coefficient, and dry density. This provides a possibility for using Rayleigh wave velocity to estimate the foundation bearing capacity, collapsibility coefficient, and dry density.