In order to solve the technical problems of gushing and collapse of excavation surface when the earth pressure balance shield passes through the silty fine sand stratum with high water pressure, this paper studies the gushing prevention and control technology of earth pressure balance shield under the silty fine sand stratum with high water pressure by means of screening test, modifier performance test, sand layer gushing simulation device design and field engineering verification. Test and research results: 1) according to the geological characteristics of silty fine sand of the project, determine the reasonable variety and proportion of modifier, and optimize the bentonite swelling water ratio, expansion time and mixing ratio; 2) Based on the similarity theory, a set of device for simulating the occurrence and evaluation of sand gushing is designed to intuitively reflect the effect of modifier on sand samples under different working pressures, so as to provide technical support for residue soil improvement test; 3) By evaluating the velocity v and horizontal distance of sand sample ejected from the gushing device ΔL and other parameters, the relevant proportion and mixing amount of modifier required for specific graded sand samples are determined, and the implementation scheme of anti gushing residue improvement is formed. Combined with the actual application effect of shield tunneling through Luntou sea sand layer, guide the on-site bentonite improvement parameter control, verify the reliability of bentonite related parameters and gushing simulation device, avoid the gushing risk of shield tunneling through water rich sand layer.