This paper focuses on the pathways for the high-quality development of the private economy under the spillover effect of the supply chain. By employing bibliometric analysis and content analysis methods, the paper systematically reviews the relevant literature on supply chain spillover effects from 2009 to 2024, both domestically and internationally. It identifies the evolution process of supply chain spillover effects, the spillover factors, and their economic consequences. The study reveals that supply chain spillover effects in the private economy mainly function through corporate factors, industry factors, policy factors, and environmental factors. Moreover, these effects follow a prosperity-sharing-and-risk-sharing rule; Positive spillover factors can promote the high-quality development of the private economy, while negative factors may bring risks and challenges. Finally, by reviewing the literature, this paper proposes policy recommendations on how to better serve the high-quality development of the private economy through optimizing the supply chain spillover effect, including optimizing corporate internal management and innovation ecosystem, enhancing sustainable development capabilities, strengthening the collaboration among the government, supply chain, enterprises, and promoting industrial upgrading with policy support.