As an advanced form of productivity, the new quality productivity requires comprehensively deepened reform to establish a new production relationship that meet its developmental demands. From theoretical, historical, and practical perspectives, comprehensively deepening reform is an imperative choice for dismantling institutional barriers hindering the growth of new quality productive forces and unleashing their full potential. However, China’s current market system, talent development mechanisms, and the institutional framework for opening-up cannot fully meet the developmental requirements of new quality productivity, which hinders its accelerated formation and expansion. Therefore, it is necessary to build a high-standard market system to provide robust support for new quality productivity; it is also essential to refine the talent development mechanisms to lay a solid human-resources foundation. Besides, it is a must to optimize the opening-up system and mechanism, so that a favorable opening environment is provided for the development of new quality productivity.