To improve the quality of higher education in an all-round way, the quality of students' learning should be regarded as the core of measuring the quality of education and teaching. Deep learning is a dynamic process based on a benign learning state that can be achieved by students' cognition, learning participation, and full dedication. Higher education should step out of the traditional model of academic empirical research and establish a deep learning environment based on practice to enhance and improve the quality of college students' learning. From the perspective of deep learning and improving the effectiveness of college teaching, this paper sorts out the connotation and essentials of deep learning, analyzes the main factors affecting the effectiveness of college teaching, and proposesa promotion strategy from the aspects of teaching goals, college students' cognitive starting point, teaching methods, and academic evaluation strategy.