There are currently 262 resource-based cities in China, of which the proportion of declining cities and mature cities is as high as 79.24%. With the depletion of natural resources, resource-based cities have to face difficult stages-transition period.. How to effectively promote the high-quality transformation of resource-based cities is an important mission given to us by the new era and a daunting test. This paper closely surrounds the strategic thinking of "One Belt, One Road". Firstly, it analyzes the significance of "One Belt and One Road" for the transformation and development of resource-based cities. Secondly, it discusses in depth the relevant measures to realize the transformation and development of resource-based cities in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, including:Create a good market economy concept, give full play to the role of market mechanisms, and attract more influx of migrants.