Based on investigation among workers and theoretical analysis, Marx points out that the capitalist system is the institutional root of proletarian poverty in capitalist society, which mainly includes the economic exploitation, political oppression and ideological rule of the proletariat. What the capitalist society will cause to the proletariat is structural and overall poverty. At the same time, Marx also analyzes the accumulation and aggravation of proletarian poverty from a dynamic perspective, pointing out that the accumulation of capital in capitalist society is the accumulation of poverty. Therefore, to get rid of poverty, the proletariat must take revolutionary means to overthrow the capitalist system, implement the dictatorship of the proletariat, and establish a socialist and communist society based on public ownership.