Based on the theory of social co-governance, this paper studies the participation behavior of urban residents in community governance. First of all, on the basis of reviewing the literature, this paper puts forward the hypothesis of the relationship between residents' participation cognition, participation willingness and participation behavior. Secondly, on the basis of improving the adaptability of maturity scale, a questionnaire survey is conducted. Thirdly, descriptive analysis and correlation analysis are carried out via SPSS22.0, and the relevant assumptions are verified, that is, the factors, such as residents' cognition, willingness, and community resource guarantee, have a significant positive impact on residents' behaviors. Finally, according to the results of the analysis, the paper puts forward a strategy to improve the participation behavior of urban community residents based on the theory of social co-governance, which has important theoretical value and practical significance for the construction of residents' participation capacity in the context of social co-governance.