Green development carries the people’s expectations for a better life and is a necessary condition for sustainable economic and social development. The super-efficiency SBM model is used to measure the green development efficiency of the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2010 to 2020, and the kernel density estimation model and the center-of-gravity model are used to reveal its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics. The results show that: (1) The green development efficiency of the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River shows a shallow "V" trend which decreases first and then rises. From a regional perspective, the green development efficiency has increased in varying degrees in Wuhan urban agglomeration, the urban agglomeration around Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, and the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake, respectively; (2) The kernel density estimation curve gradually turns from the "unimodal" distribution on the left to the "M" type bimodal distribution, and the "club convergence" phenomenon of high and low values gathering appears, respectively; (3) The focus of green development efficiency is gradually shifting towards the western region of the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with the changing ranges of longitude being greater than latitude. The fluctuation range is increasingly expanding over time, and the imbalance between the east and west regions is more prominent. In view of this, this study proposes some suggestions to promote the green development of the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, such as green development based on local conditions, effective coordination between regions, strengthening the conception of green development, etc.