At present, the differentiation of Chinese peasantry stratum has been an indisputable fact, which, however, is rarely studied via the basic principles of Marxism. Therefore, it is urgent to response to this phenomenon from the view of Marxism. The Marxist theory of classes and stratum contains rich content of stratum analysis, and reveals the relationship between class and stratum. It holds that strata belongs to different levels within a class, and the middle stratum is the main force to stabilize the structure of social stratum. The Marxist method of class analysis does not exclude stratum analysis. On the contrary, it combines the two to make a double investigation of the status of human social class. This is always the basic basis for guiding the differentiation of the peasantry strata in China. On the one hand, grasping the productive forces and relations of production from the theoretical dimension is the "master switch" to understand the essence of this phenomenon; on the other hand, peasants should be guided to break through the duality of class from the practical dimension, so that their class attributes and social identity can be transformed in a reasonable direction. Under the background of rural revitalization, stratum differentiation in China has an important impact on peasant class theory of Marxism. This paper aims to continuously promote the development and innovation of Marxist class theory from two perspectives. The one is delving into Marxist thoughts on peasants, and the other is strengthening the ability to solve real-world problems with the method of Marxist class analysis.