High-quality economic development is the key to achieving sustainable development and improving comprehensive national strength. This paper constructs an evaluation index system of green finance and high-quality economic development, and uses a coupled coordination model to measure the synergy level of green finance and high-quality economic development in 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2022 and analyzes the space-time evolution. The spatial Durbin model is used to analyze the influence of industrial structure upgrading on the synergistic development of the two. The results show that: the synergistic level between green finance and high-quality economic development in China shows a steadily rising trend during 2010—2022, and the eastern region has the highest level of synergistic development and the most significant improvement. The difference of coordinated development among provinces was significantly reduced, and the number of provinces in good coupling coordination level increased. The upgrading of industrial structure significantly promotes the synergy between green finance and high-quality economic development in the region, and also promotes the synergy between green finance and high-quality economic development in surrounding areas.